Biomaterials and Biomedical Devices
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The Human Heart
practical_1_heart_rate_class_results.xlsx | |
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The Human Heart - This is a great resource website that will help you discover the structure and function of the heart.
structure_of_the_heart.docx | |
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File Type: | docx |
It is important that you can explain the structure and function of the following parts of the heart:
a. Valves b. Atria c. Ventricles d. Major Arteries and Veins |
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A beating heart is controlled by electrical signals when these signals cause interruptions to the normal rhythm issues like palpitations and or arrhythmia can occur. Activity: PROBLEMS THAT CAN RESULT FROM INTERRUPTIONS TO NORMAL RHYTHM |
The specialised tissue (Sinoatrial Node and Atrioventrical Node) in the heart produces electrical signals that stimulate rhythmic contractions of cardiac muscles. |
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Pacemaker
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How are pacemakers made?
Click on the picture and learn about how pacemakers are made. Including the biomaterials used to develop this incredible biomedical device.
OTHER RESOURCES ON BIOMATERIALS USED IN PACEMAKERS |
The Heart Foundation Resources : Artificial Heart
Outline areas of current research in heart transplants and/or artificial hearts and their impact on society |
The valves of the heart
Describe the problems that can result from faulty valves in the heart.
Mitral valve |
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Materials such as Teflon or pyrolytic carbon must be biocompatible, that is, not rejected by the body's immune system. Teflon is used because it is elastic, porous and strong. It functions like real blood vessels, dilating and contracting with changing blood flow. Other biocompatible materials include titanium, titanium coated stainless steel, platinum, cobalt, chromium alloys ands silicone.
ACTIVITY: PAGE 50-52 complete the table on types of artificial valves. |
plaque build up
The build up of plaque on the walls of the arteries and veins is termed atherosclerosis.
Cholesterol --> Hard Plaque Formation
Cholesterol --> Hard Plaque Formation
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heart transplant & ARTIFICAL HEART
Outline current areas of research in heart transplants and their impact on society.
1. Total Artificial Heart SynCardia - 2011: Learn more about the current technology available for a TOTAL artificial heart.
2. Dead heart transplant - 2014: Learn more about the worlds first dead heart transplant: Australian researches. Total game changer!
3. Electric Heart - 2012 : Learn more about India's first LVAD (HeartMate II).
2. Dead heart transplant - 2014: Learn more about the worlds first dead heart transplant: Australian researches. Total game changer!
3. Electric Heart - 2012 : Learn more about India's first LVAD (HeartMate II).
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ACTIVITY: SOCIAL IMPLICATIONS OF HEART TRANSPLANTS
The development of medical procedures that allow heart transplants to take place has several impacts in society:
a. People with heart disease will have an extended lifespan - this contributes to an aging population.
b. People awaiting heart transplants can wait years for a transplant due to the lack of doors. This can have significant impact on the recipient, caregiver and hospitals which attempt to keep the person alive after their own heart ceases to function.
c. Heart transplant recipients experience emotional distress at being called into hospital to receive a transplant and the donor heart is found to be damaged and not viable for transplantation.
d. Ethical, moral and religious implications argue for and against replacing body parts to extend the lives of people who would otherwise die.
e. Patients may increase their susceptibility to other life threatening diseases as a result of a heart transplant by taking immune suppressing drugs which minimise the rejection of transplanted tissue.
f. Upon obtaining a drivers licence, people must choose to be an organ donor or not.
g. Families of people who dies suddenly are faced with organ donation decisions as they are coming to grips with the tragedy.
h. Organs are often removed while the body is still functioning and to optimise the recipients chances of survival.
g. Removal of organs such as a beating heart from a brain dead person has emotional impacts on nurses and medical staff as the person is technically still alive.
Source: SENIOR SCIENCE EXCEL BIONICS TOPICS
The development of medical procedures that allow heart transplants to take place has several impacts in society:
a. People with heart disease will have an extended lifespan - this contributes to an aging population.
b. People awaiting heart transplants can wait years for a transplant due to the lack of doors. This can have significant impact on the recipient, caregiver and hospitals which attempt to keep the person alive after their own heart ceases to function.
c. Heart transplant recipients experience emotional distress at being called into hospital to receive a transplant and the donor heart is found to be damaged and not viable for transplantation.
d. Ethical, moral and religious implications argue for and against replacing body parts to extend the lives of people who would otherwise die.
e. Patients may increase their susceptibility to other life threatening diseases as a result of a heart transplant by taking immune suppressing drugs which minimise the rejection of transplanted tissue.
f. Upon obtaining a drivers licence, people must choose to be an organ donor or not.
g. Families of people who dies suddenly are faced with organ donation decisions as they are coming to grips with the tragedy.
h. Organs are often removed while the body is still functioning and to optimise the recipients chances of survival.
g. Removal of organs such as a beating heart from a brain dead person has emotional impacts on nurses and medical staff as the person is technically still alive.
Source: SENIOR SCIENCE EXCEL BIONICS TOPICS
chicken wing dissection
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After dissecting the chicken wing remove the calcium from the bones using acid.
Soaked in 2M HCl overnight.
Acid + Calcium Carbonate --> Salt + CO2 + Water
The acid removes the calcium and the bones become bendy and very flexible/brittle following the removal of the calcium that strengthens bones.
Soaked in 2M HCl overnight.
Acid + Calcium Carbonate --> Salt + CO2 + Water
The acid removes the calcium and the bones become bendy and very flexible/brittle following the removal of the calcium that strengthens bones.
synovial joints
Our skeletal system is important to maintain our upright stance and protecting vital organs.
A synovial joint is the most common and movable joint in a mammalian body.
There are six types of synovial joints all playing a vital role in the movement between bones.
The movements possible with synovial joints are:
A synovial joint is the most common and movable joint in a mammalian body.
There are six types of synovial joints all playing a vital role in the movement between bones.
The movements possible with synovial joints are:
- abduction: movement away from the mid-line of the body
- adduction: movement toward the mid-line of the body
- extension: straightening limbs at a joint
- flexion: bending the limbs at a joint
- rotation: a circular movement around a fixed point
Activity
1. Construct a table to outline the range of movements each of the synovial joints allow. Use the models and resources above the complete the table. 2. Describe the role of synovial fluid in the operation of joints. 3. Describe the role of cartilage in the operation of joints.
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halfway test
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the Structure of bones & silicone bionics
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silicone jointsUsing the resources plan the PRAC: PROPERTIES OF SILICON and complete the Discussion Questions.
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A bone is generally made up of two types of tissue: spongy bone and compact bone. Compact bone provides protection and support, and forms a hard, thin layer over the inner spongy bone. It therefore has little role in shock absorption.
Spongy bone is very porous and contains the bone marrow. Compact bone is much denser, with a porosity ranging between 5% and 10%. Spongy bone is soft and spongy and therefore more open to shock absorption. It distributes and dissipates the energy transferred to it by compact bone. |
uhmwpe versus superalloy metal
Use the following information to complete the following:
a. Describe the properties that make UHMWPE a suitable alternative to cartilage?
b. Explain why artificial joints have the articulating end covered in polyethylene?
a. Describe the properties that make UHMWPE a suitable alternative to cartilage?
b. Explain why artificial joints have the articulating end covered in polyethylene?
UHMWPE : Suitable alternative to cartilage surrounding a ball and socket joint. Ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) is biocompatible with surrounding tissue. It possesses a similar density to living tissue, and therefore tends not to cause problems in the body. UHMWPE has a low friction coefficient and this, along with other exhibited characteristics, such as high hardness, high tensile strength, high elasticity, add to its suitability of it for use in joints as artificial cartilage. UHMWPE is durable: it has no known effective solvent at mild temperatures. High temperatures and pressures must be used to manipulate the material and gain the desired product. UHMWPE also exhibits a very high creep resistance. Creep resistance is the tendency for polymers to deform when under constant stress.
1. As a group complete reciprocal reading of the TEXT to form summaries on UHMWPE and Super Alloys .
Ensure you can answer the following:
--> Describe the properties of materials such as 'superalloys' that are used as bone components in large joints.
--> Compare the strength of UHMWPE and 'superalloy' metal.
--> Explain why artificial joints have the articulating ends covered in polyethylene.
Ensure you can answer the following:
--> Describe the properties of materials such as 'superalloys' that are used as bone components in large joints.
--> Compare the strength of UHMWPE and 'superalloy' metal.
--> Explain why artificial joints have the articulating ends covered in polyethylene.
artificial implants
Heinemann Senior Science HSC PAGES 89 - 91 : READ and complete the following questions.
1. Describe two properties of each of the materials below which make it a great biomaterial used in artificial implants in particular joints?
a. Silicone
b. UHMWPE (Ultrahigh molecular weight polyethylene)
c. Metal Alloys of Cobalt, Chromium and Titanium
2. Identify the materials used as an alternative to cartilage in both small and large joints?
3. Describe the differences between cemented and uncemented artificial implants?
4. Using the internet describe at least 2 properties of the cement that is used in implants and discuss how an uncemented implant forms the bond with bone?
1. Describe two properties of each of the materials below which make it a great biomaterial used in artificial implants in particular joints?
a. Silicone
b. UHMWPE (Ultrahigh molecular weight polyethylene)
c. Metal Alloys of Cobalt, Chromium and Titanium
2. Identify the materials used as an alternative to cartilage in both small and large joints?
3. Describe the differences between cemented and uncemented artificial implants?
4. Using the internet describe at least 2 properties of the cement that is used in implants and discuss how an uncemented implant forms the bond with bone?
Bone cement
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respiratory system
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inhale & exhale
1. PERFORM AN INVESTIGATION TO MODEL THE ACTION OF THE DIAPHRAGM : PRACTICAL ACTIVITY
2. PERFORM A FIRSTHAND INVESTIGATION TO IDENTIFY CO2 IN INHALED AND EXHALED AIR AND DETERMINE WHICH HAS THE GREATER CONCENTRATIONS: PRACTICAL ACTIVITY
2. PERFORM A FIRSTHAND INVESTIGATION TO IDENTIFY CO2 IN INHALED AND EXHALED AIR AND DETERMINE WHICH HAS THE GREATER CONCENTRATIONS: PRACTICAL ACTIVITY
life support systems
Heart-Lung Machine
A device used in open heart surgery to support the body during the surgical procedure while the heart is stopped. The heart-lung machine is often referred to as the "pump", and does the work of the heart and lungs during the operation. The heart-lung machine consists of a chamber that receives the blood from the body, which is normally the responsibility of the heart’s right atrium. This blood is then pumped by the machine through an oxygenator, a function normally the responsibility of the right ventricle. The oxygenator removes the CO2 and adds oxygen, which is normally the work of the lungs. The pump then pumps this newly oxygenated blood back to the body, which is normally the work of the left heart. The heart-lung machine is connected to the patient by a series of tubes that the surgical team places. At the end of the operation, the surgeon gradually allows the patient’s heart to resume its normal function, and the heart-lung machine is "weaned off".
SOURCE: http://www.cts.usc.edu/zglossary-heartlungmachine.html
A device used in open heart surgery to support the body during the surgical procedure while the heart is stopped. The heart-lung machine is often referred to as the "pump", and does the work of the heart and lungs during the operation. The heart-lung machine consists of a chamber that receives the blood from the body, which is normally the responsibility of the heart’s right atrium. This blood is then pumped by the machine through an oxygenator, a function normally the responsibility of the right ventricle. The oxygenator removes the CO2 and adds oxygen, which is normally the work of the lungs. The pump then pumps this newly oxygenated blood back to the body, which is normally the work of the left heart. The heart-lung machine is connected to the patient by a series of tubes that the surgical team places. At the end of the operation, the surgeon gradually allows the patient’s heart to resume its normal function, and the heart-lung machine is "weaned off".
SOURCE: http://www.cts.usc.edu/zglossary-heartlungmachine.html
answering questions in the hsc
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